Silicon

Atomic number

14

Atomic mass (u)

28.085

Category

Metalloid

Standard state

Solid

Melting point

1413.85 °C (1687 K)

Boiling point

3264.85 °C (3538 K)

Density (g/cm³)

2.3296

Electronegativity (Pauling)

1.9

Electron configuration

[Ne]3s2 3p2

Oxidation states

+4, +2, -4

Atomic radius (pm)

210

First ionization energy (eV)

8.152

Discovery & recognition

Discovery year / period (PubChem)

1854

Discovery credited to (RSC)

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

Date or period recorded by RSC

1824

Discovery place

Not supplied in the structured record; see the RSC history source.

An ancient date does not identify a first human discovery. Different references may date observation, isolation and formal recognition differently.

Natural occurrence & production

The creation of an element’s nuclei and its concentration into terrestrial deposits are different processes. The occurrence note below concerns its presence or production on Earth; it is not a complete account of nucleosynthesis.

“Silicon makes up 27.7% of the Earth’s crust by mass and is the second most abundant element (oxygen is the first).”

Royal Society of Chemistry · occurrence excerpt ↗

Continue the research

Reference values are not product specifications. Blank values have not been estimated. For superheavy elements, some properties and family assignments are theoretical or incompletely measured.