Germanium

Atomic number

32

Atomic mass (u)

72.63

Category

Metalloid

Standard state

Solid

Melting point

938.25 °C (1211.4 K)

Boiling point

2832.85 °C (3106 K)

Density (g/cm³)

5.323

Electronegativity (Pauling)

2.01

Electron configuration

[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p2

Oxidation states

+4, +2

Atomic radius (pm)

211

First ionization energy (eV)

7.900

Discovery & recognition

Discovery year / period (PubChem)

1886

Discovery credited to (RSC)

Clemens Winkler

Date or period recorded by RSC

1886

Discovery place

Not supplied in the structured record; see the RSC history source.

An ancient date does not identify a first human discovery. Different references may date observation, isolation and formal recognition differently.

Natural occurrence & production

The creation of an element’s nuclei and its concentration into terrestrial deposits are different processes. The occurrence note below concerns its presence or production on Earth; it is not a complete account of nucleosynthesis.

“Germanium ores are very rare. They are found in small quantities as the minerals germanite and argyrodite. Germanium minerals are also present…”

Royal Society of Chemistry · occurrence excerpt ↗

Continue the research

Reference values are not product specifications. Blank values have not been estimated. For superheavy elements, some properties and family assignments are theoretical or incompletely measured.